The CB1 and CB2 receptor sites are the main targets cannabis interacts with. Mutations within the CB1 receptors have been observed and so far research has identified 15 variations in humans, along with at least 7 mutations in the CB2 receptors, and there are also at least 11 mutations in the FAAH gene (an enzyme that breaks down our bodies’ naturally produced cannabinoid molecules). These mutations could have major health implications and are the subject of intense ongoing research.

The genetic changes that affect how we react to cannabis may already be there at birth, but they can also develop as a result of poor daily living.

Terpenes and their effects

First, I’d like to address the Sativa, Indica, and Hybrid myths. So-called sativa varieties commonly are considered more euphoric and stimulating while so-called indica varieties typically are considered stonier and sedating, while hybrids are a blend of different types of cannabis to give you a more balanced feeling.

Sativa and indica designations are terrible for predicting effect. What predicts the effect is the cannabinoid and terpene content of the cannabis variety. Terpenes are pharmacologically active essential oils that work with THC to create effects. Several so-called sativa-dominant varieties are high in myrcene, a sedative terpenoid. When THC is combined with myrcene it delivers a stony couchlock effect. Many sativas contain an entourage of stimulating terpenes, along with myrcene, so their effects start out racy and energetic, then as the variety is metabolized, the combination of myrcene with THC metabolites results in a crash.

Terpenes are aromatic compounds that give cannabis its smell and taste. Here is a quick look at a few terpenes that can affect neurotransmitters in the brain.

Pinene is a terpene and gives the aroma of pine. Pinene has the ability to modulate (adjust or alter) the neurotransmitter GABA, which in turn decreases anxiety-like behavior. Pinene also works by blocking acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter that helps to relay signals related to attention, motivation, arousal, alertness, and skeletal muscle movement. This gives pinene a wide array of potential benefits from memory to physical improvements. Pinene also targets the serotonin and adrenergic receptors to produce antidepressant effects.

Limonene (lemony citrus aroma) is a terpene that modulates dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters to provide a decrease in anxiety-like behavior. Limonene has the ability to modulate the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) and the accumulation of amyloid plaque by inhibiting the two enzymes responsible for Ach degradation, which is a pathological characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.

Linalool (lavender) can reduce anxiety by modulating the serotonin-1A receptors in the brain – reducing their binding potential so that levels of serotonin and related neurotransmitters increase, resulting in reduced anxiety. Linalool also interacts with the neurotransmitter GABA to calm the brain and nervous system, allowing you to feel more relaxed.